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<title>Defection</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Defection</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Defector" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Defector_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Defector (disambiguation)">Defector (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a> or <a href="Defection_(song)" title="Defection (song)">Defection (song)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, a <b>defector</b> is a person who gives up <a href="Allegiance" title="Allegiance">allegiance</a> to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, <b>defection</b> involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This term is also applied, often pejoratively, to anyone who switches loyalty to another <a href="Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">religion</a>, <a href="Sports_team" title="Sports team">sports team</a>, <a href="Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>, or other rival faction. In that sense, the defector is often considered a <a href="Traitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Traitor">traitor</a> by their original side.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_politics">International politics</h2></div>

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<p>The physical act of defection is usually in a manner which violates the laws of the nation or political entity from which the person is seeking to depart. By contrast, mere changes in <a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, or working with allied militia, usually do not violate any law(s).

</p><p>For example, in the 1950s, <a href="East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East Germans</a> were increasingly prohibited from traveling to the western <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> where they were automatically regarded as citizens according to <a href="Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a>. The <a href="Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> (1961) and fortifications along the <a href="Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a> (1952 onward) were erected by the Communist <a href="German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> to enforce the policy. When people tried to "defect" from the GDR they were to be shot on sight. Several hundred people <a href="List_of_deaths_at_the_Berlin_Wall" title="List of deaths at the Berlin Wall">were killed along that border</a> in their <a href="Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a> attempt. Official crossings did exist, but permissions to leave temporarily or permanently were seldom granted. On the other hand, the GDR citizenship of some "inconvenient" East Germans was revoked, and they had to leave their home on short notice against their will. Others, like singer <a href="Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a>, were prohibited from returning to the GDR.

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<p>During the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the many people illegally emigrating from the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> or <a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> to <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> were called defectors. Westerners defected to the Eastern Bloc as well, often to avoid prosecution as spies. Some of the more famous cases were British spy <a href="Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, who defected to the USSR to avoid exposure as a <a href="KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> mole, and <a href="List_of_American_and_British_defectors_in_the_Korean_War" title="List of American and British defectors in the Korean War">22 Allied POWs</a> (one Briton and twenty-one Americans) who declined repatriation after the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, electing to remain in China.

</p><p>When an individual leaves their country and provides information to a foreign intelligence service, they are considered a <a href="Clandestine_HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine HUMINT">HUMINT source defector</a>. In some cases, defectors remain in the country or with the political entity they were against, functioning as a <a href="Clandestine_HUMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="Clandestine HUMINT">defector in place</a>. Intelligence services are always concerned when debriefing defectors with the possibility of a <a href="Fake_defection" title="Fake defection">fake defection</a>.

</p><p>Entire militaries can defect and choose not to follow orders from a state's leaders. During the <a href="Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> protests, militaries in Egypt and Tunisia refused orders to fire upon protesters or use other methods to disperse them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to defect can be driven by the desire to prevent insubordination: if a military leader judges that lower officers will disobey orders to fire upon protesters, they could be more likely to defect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_defectors">Notable defectors</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Paquito_D'Rivera" title="Paquito D'Rivera">Paquito D'Rivera</a>, Cuban saxophonist and clarinetist, who defected to the United States in 1980.</li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a>, <a href="Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a> (Russian) dancer, who defected to <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1974, while in <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, touring with the <a href="Kirov_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirov Ballet">Kirov Ballet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later moved to the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a>, Soviet (Russian) dancer, who defected while in London in 1970.</li>

<li><a href="Georgi_Markov" title="Georgi Markov">Georgi Markov</a>, Bulgarian author, who defected in 1968, eventually settling in London, England, later assassinated.</li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Nureyev" title="Rudolf Nureyev">Rudolf Nureyev</a>, Soviet (Russian) dancer, who defected while in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> touring with the <a href="Kirov_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirov Ballet">Kirov Ballet</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a>, Georgian <a href="Choreography" title="Choreography">choreographer</a>, who defected to the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1924.</li>

<li><a href="Arturo_Sandoval" title="Arturo Sandoval">Arturo Sandoval</a>, Cuban trumpeter, pianist, and composer, who defected to the United States in 1990.</li>

<li><a href="Jan_Sobota" title="Jan Sobota">Jan Sobota</a>, Czech fine bookbinder, who defected to Switzerland in 1982, and settled in the United States in 1984.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_baseball_players_who_defected_from_Cuba" title="List of baseball players who defected from Cuba">List of baseball players who defected from Cuba</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Guillermo_Rigondeaux" title="Guillermo Rigondeaux">Guillermo Rigondeaux</a>, Cuban <a href="Professional_boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional boxer">professional boxer</a>, who defected to the United States in 2009.</li>

<li><a href="Aroldis_Chapman" title="Aroldis Chapman">Aroldis Chapman</a>, Cuban <a href="Baseball_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball pitcher">baseball pitcher</a>, who defected to Andorra in 2009 before signing a <a href="Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> contract in 2010.</li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Degner" title="Ernst Degner">Ernst Degner</a>, East German <a href="Motorcycle_racer" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle racer">Motorcycle racer</a>, who defected to West Germany in 1961</li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(right-handed_pitcher)" title="José Fernández (right-handed pitcher)">José Fernández</a>, Cuban <a href="Baseball_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball player">baseball player</a>, who defected to the United States in 2008.</li>

<li><a href="Lutz_Eigendorf" title="Lutz Eigendorf">Lutz Eigendorf</a>, an East German <a href="Football_player" title="Football player">football player</a> for <a href="BFC_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="BFC Dynamo">BFC Dynamo</a> who defected to <a href="West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1979.</li>

<li><a href="Orlando_Hernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Hernandez">Orlando Hernandez</a>, Cuban <a href="Baseball_pitcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball pitcher">baseball pitcher</a>, who defected to the United States in 1997.</li>

<li><a href="Nadia_Com%C4%83neci" title="Nadia Comăneci">Nadia Comăneci</a>, Romanian Olympic gymnast, who defected to the United States in 1989.</li>

<li><a href="Martina_Navratilova" title="Martina Navratilova">Martina Navratilova</a>, Czechoslovak tennis player, who defected to the United States in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Mogilny" title="Alexander Mogilny">Alexander Mogilny</a>, Soviet (Russian) <a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> forward, who defected to the United States in 1988. He was the first Soviet player to defect to play in the <a href="NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a>.</li>

<li><a href="B%C3%A9la_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Béla Károlyi">Béla Károlyi</a> and his wife <a href="M%C3%A1rta_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Márta Károlyi">Márta Károlyi</a>, <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> coaches (of <a href="Nadia_Com%C4%83neci" title="Nadia Comăneci">Nadia Comăneci</a> and <a href="Mary_Lou_Retton" title="Mary Lou Retton">Mary Lou Retton</a> among others), who defected to the United States in 1981.</li>

<li><a href="Osvaldo_Alonso" title="Osvaldo Alonso">Osvaldo Alonso</a>, Cuban <a href="Soccer_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer player">soccer player</a>, who defected to the United States in 2007.</li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Abreu_(first_baseman)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Abreu (first baseman)">José Abreu</a>, Cuban baseball player, who defected to the United States in 2013.</li>

<li><a href="Kimia_Alizadeh" title="Kimia Alizadeh">Kimia Alizadeh</a>, Iranian <a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo martial artist</a>, who defected to the Netherlands in 2020.</li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A9sar_Prieto" title="César Prieto">César Prieto</a>, Cuban baseball player, who defected to the United States in 2021.</li>

<li><a href="Krystsina_Tsimanouskaya" title="Krystsina Tsimanouskaya">Krystsina Tsimanouskaya</a>, Belarus sprinter, who defected to Poland in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Larry_Allen_Abshier" title="Larry Allen Abshier">Larry Allen Abshier</a>, the first of six American soldiers to defect to North Korea between the years 1962–1982. He died in 1983 from a heart attack while residing in <a href="Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>‚ a colonial general who during the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> defected to the <a href="British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a>, founder of the <a href="Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> and the entire Tlass Family during the <a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Belenko" title="Viktor Belenko">Viktor Belenko</a>, a <a href="Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> lieutenant who flew a <a href="Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25">MiG-25</a> fighter to Japan in 1976 and gained <a href="Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="James_Joseph_Dresnok" title="James Joseph Dresnok">James Joseph Dresnok</a>, a <a href="US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> private who defected to <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> by sneaking across the Demilitarized Zone in 1962. He would live the remainder of his life in the DPRK until his death in 2016.</li>

<li><a href="Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a>, a Soviet <a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> clerk who defected to Canada and released information regarding Soviet espionage activities in western society. Credited as one of the triggering factors for the beginning of the Cold War.</li>

<li><a href="No_Kum-Sok" class="mw-redirect" title="No Kum-Sok">No Kum-Sok</a> (later Kenneth Rowe) is known for having been a <a href="Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the <a href="North_Korean_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean Air Force">North Korean Air Force</a> during the <a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> who defected to <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. On September 21, 1953, he flew his <a href="MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15</a> to the <a href="Kimpo_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimpo Air Base">Kimpo Air Base</a> in South Korea, claiming that he wanted to get away from the "red deceit" and is often associated with <a href="Operation_Moolah" title="Operation Moolah">Operation Moolah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmusaf_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmusaf-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Maxim_Kuzminov" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim Kuzminov">Maxim Kuzminov</a>, former Russian military pilot-navigator of the Mi-8AMTSh military transport helicopter. During the Russian-Ukrainian War, on August 9, 2023, he flew across the front line to the Ukrainian side as part of the special <a href="Operation_Synytsia" title="Operation Synytsia">Operation Synytsia</a>, prepared by the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ukrainian Defense Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Genrikh_Lyushkov" title="Genrikh Lyushkov">Genrikh Lyushkov</a>, the <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> chief in the <a href="Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, defected to <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in 1938 under the <a href="Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> and then cooperated with the <a href="Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a>, <a href="Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="Hetman_of_Zaporizhian_Host" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetman of Zaporizhian Host">Hetman of Zaporizhian Host</a> from 1687–1708 who defected from the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to the <a href="Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> during the <a href="Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> of the <a href="Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>, the later <a href="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassin of President John F. Kennedy</a> had claimed defection to the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in October 1959 but was ultimately refused citizenship and returned to the United States in 1962.</li>

<li><a href="Ion_Mihai_Pacepa" title="Ion Mihai Pacepa">Ion Mihai Pacepa</a>, a <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a> general who defected to the United States from the <a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> in 1978.</li>

<li><a href="Matiur_Rahman_(military_pilot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matiur Rahman (military pilot)">Matiur Rahman</a>, a Pakistani/Bangladeshi pilot who in 1971 attempted to defect with a T-33 along with confidential Pakistani war plans to India to join the <a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>. However his plan was foiled by Flt.Lt <a href="Rashid_Minhas" title="Rashid Minhas">Rashid Minhas</a> who crashed the plane after a brief struggle for control over the aircraft. The plane crashed some 50 Kilometres from the border.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Leamsy_Salazar" title="Leamsy Salazar">Leamsy Salazar</a>, former <a href="Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> of <a href="Bolivarian_Navy_of_Venezuela" title="Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela">Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela</a> and head of <a href="Security_detail" title="Security detail">security detail</a> for <a href="Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, defected to United States in December 2014.</li>

<li><a href="Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a>, a top-brass military figure in <a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> defected to <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> during the <a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> purges of the Eastern Zone after considering the fate of <a href="So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a>, his superior in command.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Travis_King" title="Travis King">Travis King</a>, a US Army private who defected to North Korea, possibly to avoid facing a dishonorable discharge and legal charges, in 2023. North Korea would later return him to American custody.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>, British diplomat and member of the <a href="Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>, defected to the Soviet Union in 1951.</li>

<li><a href="Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a>, British diplomat and member of the Cambridge Five, defected to the Soviet Union in 1951.</li>

<li><a href="Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, British intelligence officer and member of the Cambridge Five, defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.</li>

<li><a href="Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a> (born 1947), Russian writer and former Soviet military intelligence officer who defected to the United Kingdom in 1978.</li>

<li><a href="Thae_Yong-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Thae Yong-ho">Thae Yong-ho</a>, a former <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> diplomat for Britain. At an unknown date Thae defected from North Korea for his family, because he "didn't want his children, who were used to life of freedom, to suffer life of oppression". Being one of North Korea's elite, for the nation he was the highest profile defection since No Kum-sok (above) in 1953. He was elected to the <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> <a href="National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> in <a href="2020_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2020 South Korean legislative election">2020</a> for the <a href="United_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Future Party">United Future Party</a>, representing the Gangnam A district of <a href="Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Petrov_(diplomat)" title="Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)">Vladimir Petrov</a> - Soviet diplomat who defected to Australia in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>, Russian chess Grandmaster, defected in Amsterdam in 1976.</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Polovchak" title="Walter Polovchak">Walter Polovchak</a>, minor, defected to the United States in 1980 at 12. He and his parents moved to the United States from <a href="Ukraine_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine SSR">Soviet Ukraine</a> in 1980 but later that year his parents decided to move back to Ukraine. He did not wish to return with them and was the subject of a five-year struggle to stay permanently. He won the right to permanent sanctuary in 1985 upon turning 18.</li>

<li>The crew of <a href="Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">oil tanker Tuapse</a>, held hostage in 1954 by the government of <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> during the <a href="White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a>. An unusual case of forced defection, where the crew were forced to defect to the United States to secure their release. Those who refused were subjected to various forms of torture, while those who subsequently retracted their defection and returned to the Soviet Union were sentenced for treason but later pardoned. All surviving crew were released in 1988.</li>

<li>Vaas Feniks Nokard, in order to defect from Russia in 2021, swam from <a href="Kunashir_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunashir Island">Kunashir Island</a> to <a href="Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, a distance of about 20 kilometers, in 23 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Yeonmi Park</a> is a <a href="North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korean defector</a> and activist whose family fled from North Korea to China in 2007.</li>

<li><a href="Oh_Chong-song" title="Oh Chong-song">Oh Chong-song</a> is a North Korean defector who was shot 5 times by North Korean soldiers for crossing the <a href="Military_Demarcation_Line" title="Military Demarcation Line">Military Demarcation Line</a>, he was rescued by South Korean soldiers.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_baseball_players_who_defected_from_Cuba" title="List of baseball players who defected from Cuba">List of baseball players who defected from Cuba</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korean defectors</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevozvrashchentsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevozvrashchentsy">Nevozvrashchentsy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Cold_War_pilot_defections" title="List of Cold War pilot defections">List of Cold War pilot defections</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Western_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Western Bloc defectors">List of Western Bloc defectors</a>

<ul><li><a href="Martin_and_Mitchell_defection" title="Martin and Mitchell defection">Martin and Mitchell defection</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_and_British_defectors_in_the_Korean_War" title="List of American and British defectors in the Korean War">List of American and British defectors in the Korean War</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_defectors" title="South Korean defectors">South Korean defectors</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Iranian_defectors" title="List of Iranian defectors">List of Iranian defectors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Syrian_defectors" title="List of Syrian defectors">List of Syrian defectors</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisoner's_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Religious disaffiliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li>

<li><a href="Turncoat" title="Turncoat">Turncoat</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/defector">"Definition of DEFECTOR"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226091416/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/defector">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-26.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defection">"Defection | Define Defection at Dictionary.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403075045/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defection">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite> "de·fec·tion [dih-fek-shuhn] <i>noun</i> (1.) desertion from allegiance, loyalty, duty, or the like; apostasy: His defection to East Germany was regarded as treasonable. (2.) failure; lack; loss: He was overcome by a sudden defection of courage." Retrieved 22MARCH2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defector">"Defector | Define Defector at Dictionary.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405044706/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/defector">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite> "de·fec·tor [dih-fek-ter] <i>–noun</i> a person who defects from a cause, country, alliance, etc. Origin: 1655–65; < Latin dēfector renegade, rebel, equivalent to dēfec- (variant stem of dēficere to become disaffected, revolt, literally, to fail; see defect) + -tor -tor" Retrieved 22MARCH2011.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=defector">"<i>defector</i> 1660s, agent noun in Latin form from defect, or else from L. defector "revolter," agent noun from deficere (see deficient)." Retrieved 22MARCH2011.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085323/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=defector">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Grewal, Sharan (2019-06-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/63/2/259/5438330">"Military Defection During Localized Protests: The Case of Tataouine"</a></span>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>269. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqz003">10.1093/isq/sqz003</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1974-mikhail-baryshnikov-defects-from-the-soviet-union">"1974: Mikhail Baryshnikov defects from the Soviet Union - CBC Archives"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230041/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1974-mikhail-baryshnikov-defects-from-the-soviet-union">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTignor2015" class="citation news cs1">Tignor, Steve (May 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/1975-martina-navratilova-defects-to-u-s-while-playing-the-u-s-open">"1975: Martina Navratilova defects to U.S. while playing the U.S. Open"</a>. <i>Tennis.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowling, Stephen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160905-the-pilot-who-stole-a-secret-soviet-fighter-jet">The Pilot Who Stole A Secret Soviet Fighter Jet September 5, 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218032738/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160905-the-pilot-who-stole-a-secret-soviet-fighter-jet">Archived</a> February 18, 2017, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> Retrieved August 24, 2017</span>

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<li id="cite_note-nmusaf-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nmusaf_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1918">Factsheets: Story of the MiG-15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922173131/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1918">Archived</a> 2013-09-22 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." National Museum of the United States Air Force.</span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. <i>The storm petrels: the first Soviet defectors, 1928-1938</i>. HarperCollins, 1977).</li>

<li>Hänni, Adrian, and Miguel Grossmann. "Death to traitors? The pursuit of intelligence defectors from the Soviet Union to the Putin era." <i>Intelligence and National Security</i> (2020): 1-21.</li>

<li>Krasnov, Vladislav. <i>Soviet defectors: The KGB wanted list</i> (Hoover Press, 2018).</li>

<li>Riehle, Kevin P. "The Defector Balance Sheet: Westbound Versus Eastbound Intelligence Defectors from 1945 to 1965." <i>International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence</i> 33.1 (2020): 68-96.</li>

<li>Riehle, Kevin P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/58209219/Riehle_Early_Cold_War_evolution_of_British_and_US_defector_policy_and_practice.pdf">"Early Cold War evolution of British and US defector policy and practice"</a>. <i>Cold War History</i> 19.3 (2019): 343-361. <b>online free</b></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchecterDeriabinPenkovskij1992" class="citation book cs1">Schecter, Jerrold L; <a href="Peter_Deriabin" title="Peter Deriabin">Deriabin, Peter S</a>; <a href="Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Penkovskij, Oleg Vladimirovic</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spywhosavedworld00jerr"><i>The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War</i></a>. <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="Charles_Scribner's_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-684-19068-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909016158">909016158</a>.</cite> About <a href="Oleg_Penkovsky" title="Oleg Penkovsky">Oleg Penkovsky</a>.

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-684-19068-6">"Nonfiction Book Review: The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War by Jerrold L. Schecter, Author, Peter S. Deriabin, With Scribner Book Company ISBN 978-0-684-19068-6"</a>. <i><a href="Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. March 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></li></ul></li>

<li>Scott, Erik R. (2023). <i>Defectors: How the Illicit Flight of Soviet Citizens Built the Borders of the Cold War World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-754687-1</bdi>.</li>

<li>Tromly, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/56342536/Ambivalent_heroes_Russian_defectors_and_American_power_in_the_early_Cold_War.pdf">"Ambivalent heroes: Russian defectors and American power in the early Cold War"</a>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i> 33.5 (2018): 642-658.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/46242/famous-defectors">Famous Defectors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718113351/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/46242/famous-defectors">Archived</a> 2010-07-18 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - slideshow by <i><a href="Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li></ul>

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